{"id":161459,"date":"2025-10-21T11:48:40","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T11:48:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pv-tech.org\/?p=161459"},"modified":"2025-10-22T13:30:47","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T13:30:47","slug":"is-europe-ready-to-tackle-solar-cybersecurity-risks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pv-tech.org\/is-europe-ready-to-tackle-solar-cybersecurity-risks\/","title":{"rendered":"Is Europe ready to tackle solar cybersecurity risks?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
Europe is more exposed to cybersecurity risks from solar inverters than any other part of the world, according to Forescout. Image: Brett Sayles\/Pexels.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Last month, the Czech government warned of the cybersecurity risks that solar inverters, particularly those made in China, pose to European power grids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Citing cyberattacks against the Czech Republic by hacking groups \u201clinked to the People\u2019s Republic of China\u201d, the Czech government joined Lithuanian MPs in pushing for concrete cybersecurity legislation around solar PV. The German government is also drafting cybersecurity legislation for the energy sector, with the biggest impacts likely for PV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The EU is responding to various actions from European states and a rising concern about cybersecurity in the solar sector, as the market dominance of Chinese inverter companies grows and renewables become increasingly integrated into the European power grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Uri Sadot, head of the digitisation workstream at SolarPower Europe, MD of cybersecurity consultancy SolarDefend and former cybersecurity director at SolarEdge, the EU is likely to have issued draft cybersecurity guidelines for the sector by the end of the year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI think by the end of the year we\u2019ll have clarity. I\u2019m hearing such strong, authoritative voices making strong statements that ‘concrete measures’ will be taken and that they are expected to be signed off this year,\u201d he tells PV Tech Premium<\/em>. Discussions over legislation and implementation are ongoing in Brussels, Sadot suggests, and the outcome could take a number of different forms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ahead of any forthcoming legislation, PV Tech Premium <\/em>asks whether Europe has taken cybersecurity seriously enough, how big the cyber risks are for the solar sector and what impact more security will have on the industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geopolitical tensions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Europe is more exposed to cybersecurity risks from solar inverters than any other part of the world, according to a June report from cybersecurity company Forescout. It identified around 35,000 solar \u201cdevices\u201d (meaning inverters, dataloggers and monitors, among others) across the world that are exposed to external internet access. Of those, 76% were in Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGiven the current geopolitics, everything is very difficult right now,\u201d Erika Langerov\u00e1, head of cybersecurity research at UCEEB, a research centre under the Czech Technical University in Prague, tells PV Tech Premium<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data from PV marketplace platform sun.store<\/a> shows that Chinese companies currently have a stranglehold on European inverter supply, but many Chinese companies \u201cwant to be quick on the market and want to sell cheap inverters,\u201d Langerov\u00e1 says, \u201cwhich means they oftentimes overlook cybersecurity completely and they ship very cheap but very insecure products.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Langerov\u00e1 has conducted extensive research into cybersecurity threats in the energy sector from a variety of angles, including studies of Chinese research into attacks on European grids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While European countries and the European Commission are beginning to take legislative action, the EU is, in her estimation, \u201cafraid to admit we have a problem with [dependence on] China.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThey just say \u2018dependency on foreign manufacturers\u2019, but we all know it\u2019s China. And then a set of problems emerges from this approach, because you\u2019re not able to do targeted mitigation measures, you just have vague recommendations.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A vulnerable position<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As Langerov\u00e1 describes it, the European energy grid and its renewables industry are simultaneously integrated with and afraid of Chinese influence. She describes the involvement of big Chinese renewables firms in Europe\u2019s trade associations and standardisation committees, and the fact that Chinese technology has enabled Europe\u2019s energy transition to reach its current point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Concurrently, she describes these Chinese economic interests in the European market as the threads holding the Damoclean sword of cyberattack from falling. \u201cEurope has swapped one dependency for another,\u201d she says; from Russian fossil fuels to Chinese renewables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Langerov\u00e1 is clear that none of this proves, or necessarily indicates, intent from hacking groups, like those cited by the Czech government, or China itself, to attack Europe\u2019s grid. This vulnerability is compounded by the fact that the necessary security infrastructure and protection are not effectively in place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe still have basic issues like weak credentials, weak passwords, a lot of vulnerabilities in the cloud platforms for managing those inverters,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe need to protect these systems,\u201d Sadot adds. \u201cHaving a default password [on an energy platform] is a bad idea, and everyone should agree on that. Even if China is the 28th<\/sup> member state of the EU tomorrow, we need to agree that doors should be locked and critical energy systems should have strong passwords.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China is also not the only potential international attacker for Europe\u2019s solar infrastructure; it just happens to make most of the digital systems being deployed. Russia is more aggressive toward Europe than China, Langerov\u00e1 says, and the vulnerabilities in the continent\u2019s inverters and battery energy storage system (BESS) installations could be exploited by bad actors from any country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The risks of cyber insecurity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

China does not allow remote control of devices in any of its networks, including the power grid, under the Multi-Level Protection Scheme (MLPS) 2.0 law of 2019. Europe, however, doesn\u2019t have that level of protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Langerov\u00e1 says the main source of cybersecurity risks is \u201cthe cloud infrastructure the inverters are connected to,\u201d and the main issue is \u201cremote access.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) database of cybersecurity vulnerabilities lists tens of entries under searches for the leading Western and Chinese solar inverter manufacturers, with some vulnerabilities reportedly allowing full remote control of inverters over either cloud infrastructure or wifi connections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWe have issues so critical that when you attack certain vendors \u2026 you would be able to create a serious problem in the power grid, meaning, at minimum, local blackouts, at maximum, nationwide blackout,\u201d Langerov\u00e1 says. It is also possible to physically damage inverters through remote access, she says, such as by disabling cooling fans and causing the equipment to overheat.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The potential consequences are extreme, but how likely is a cyberattack on European inverters? There are regular reports of cyberattacks in other fields; the UK National Cybersecurity Centre<\/a>, run by the country\u2019s Government Communication Headquarters (GCHQ), said last week that it dealt with 204 \u201cnationally significant\u201d cyber incidents in 2024, more than three times the amount in 2023, and of those 18 were deemed \u201chighly significant \u2026 meaning that they had the potential to have a serious impact on essential services\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crowdstrike, Sungrow and Iberia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe grid is changing,\u201d Sadot says. \u201cAnd the majority of power production is not going to come from big plants with chimneys. It’s going to come from these small systems. So we need to make sure that they’re smart and protected.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That means more potential points of digital vulnerability. Sadot points to the 2024 Crowdstrike incident, where a faulty update from US cybersecurity firm Crowdstrike inadvertently crashed around 8.5 million computer systems. \u201cIt was human error and you had airports stuck and planes didn\u2019t take off,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He also mentions a 2023 incident where Chinese inverter and BESS manufacturer, Sungrow, sent a \u201cbad update\u201d and around 800 energy storage systems went down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sungrow told PV Tech Premium <\/em>that its products are \u201cregularly tested by independent third-party security experts\u201d and that its servers are \u201cfully hosted in a GDPR-compliant data centre located in Frankfurt, Germany, ensuring that all data remains within the European Union.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In May, the Spanish government publicly ruled out a cyberattack<\/a> as the cause of this year\u2019s blackout in the Iberian Peninsula, which saw parts of the Spanish and Portuguese grid go dark for hours, but Sadot still has cybersecurity concerns over the incident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadot continues: \u201cLook \u2026 I\u2019ve read every word of the Spanish blackout investigation. It\u2019s still unclear what was the root cause. A cyber attack is indeed unlikely because there are better explanations, and there is no clear ‘motive’ for an attacker, but it can not affirmatively be ruled out. Having been in [the cybersecurity] world, attackers can cover their tracks, and it has been shown that cyber attacks can cause similar and even greater effects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAt the end of the day, if you look ten, 20 years into the future, you don\u2019t want to build a continental grid that\u2019s that risky,\u201d Sadot says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One concerning feature of the cybersecurity landscape is the idea of \u201cpre-positioning\u201d, which is where hackers\u2014whether state-backed or not\u2014can gain access to infrastructure systems without installing malware and can sit there, dormant and undetected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The US and UK security agencies have warned of the risks of Chinese pre-positioning in advance of cyberattacks, and Langerov\u00e1 describes the practice, understating, as \u201ca nice leverage.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c[Pre-positioned actors] can just say \u2018I\u2019m controlling your infrastructure, you will do what I tell you otherwise I will shut you down’,\u201d she says. \u201cPeople are often saying that the shutdown scenario is unrealistic, but the mere fact they might have this ability is perceived as a big problem in the security community.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When asked if there is likely to be a threat pre-positioned in European Energy infrastructure at present, Langerov\u00e1 says this would require a \u201creally difficult forensic analysis\u201d to determine, but points to the Salt Typhoon and Vault Typhoon cyberattacks, perpetrated by allegedly Chinese-linked persistent threat actors (PTA) on US telecoms and military infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cPeople often think that this was only happening in the United States, but we also had issues with the Typhoons in Europe. We know that they at least tried to do similar things to infiltrate critical infrastructure, the same way they did it in the United States.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In short, Europe shouldn\u2019t rule it out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implications for the solar industry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

One way to reduce the risk of cyberattack from nations outside of Europe would be to support European inverter manufacturers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While they have been struggling for the last year, with many non-Chinese players announcing financial losses and rounds of job cuts as the market shifts and their products are undercut by cheaper imports, the trade body, SolarPower Europe, has called for greater support for the continent\u2019s inverter manufacturers<\/a> and for increased cybersecurity measures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it\u2019s not the only way. Following the Czech and Lithuanian governments, the apparently forthcoming EU legislation could go in a few directions. Sadot says the most dramatic of those would be product recalls for inverters deemed unsafe. \u201cThat\u2019s going to be a big drama, of course, there\u2019s going to be a lot of political opposition.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even Lithuania, \u201cwhich has sour relations with China\u201d, Sadot says, capped inverter regulations at systems of 100kW and above to avoid thousands of homeowners having to replace their products \u201cin an election year\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He says there are \u201cgradations\u201d of recall, which could range from “Rip & Replace” orders to banning inverters from connecting directly to the internet except through a \u201clocal controller\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe more lax measures would be something like setting a standard,\u201d he says, presumably not of the type which Langerov\u00e1 has previously criticised for being \u201cvague\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most likely, improvements in cybersecurity will require \u201cgrowing adoption of the paradigm shift; that solar is now critical infrastructure,\u201d Sadot says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt doesn\u2019t matter if it\u2019s one big chimney or a million small inverters; it\u2019s critical infrastructure.\u201d That \u201cparadigm\u201d would introduce the audits and security checks around technology and direct foreign investment that comes with the critical infrastructure label.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He says that the possibility of introducing restrictions at interconnection points is \u201cbeing discussed\u201d, whereby the European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO-e) says nothing over a certain threshold, which is linked to a data centre elsewhere in the world, or that has weak authentication or password credentials, can connect to the grid. This would be a move similar to China\u2019s MLPS law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In that case, \u201cyour market participation contracts would be void, you couldn\u2019t participate in battery charge\/discharge markets if you don\u2019t meet those criteria,\u201d he says. \u201cIt\u2019s a very strong enforcement mechanism that doesn\u2019t need all the legislative brouhaha.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whatever form the legislation takes, Europe seems to be waking up to the cybersecurity risks associated with solar energy. But the impacts on the solar industry itself are unclear. Sadot predicts a relatively smooth path where Chinese firms \u201ccede critical control\u201d in response to changing legislation, but Langerov\u00e1\u2019s assessments of the geopolitical tensions in Europe\u2019s relationship with Chinese technology may complicate the picture.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PV Tech Premium spoke with academic and industry experts about the rising tide of cybersecurity concerns in Europe’s solar energy sector. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":161,"featured_media":161460,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[45,4,6],"tags":[73,1273,56,521,1162,1417,125],"paywall-tags":[8671],"regions":[28],"industry-segments":[20,16,9],"class_list":["post-161459","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-features","category-interviews","category-long-reads","tag-china","tag-cybersecurity","tag-europe","tag-european-union","tag-legislation","tag-solar-inverters","tag-solar-pv","paywall-tags-premium","regions-europe","industry-segments-grids","industry-segments-inverters","industry-segments-power-plants"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIs Europe ready to tackle solar cybersecurity 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